State-Average | PartQuest™ Explore

The solar panel model in this example allows the user to specify not only the "boilerplate" electrical characteristics (i.e. the open circuit voltage, short circuit current and peak power output capability), which are always given at the full or nominal irradiance level, but also to specify the reduced output and shift in the peak power point at lower irradiance levels. This shift in the load voltage at which peak power transfer occurs gives rise to the performance improvement that can be achieved with MPPT (maximum power point tracking) when the irradiance level varies over time.

The "electronics" section of this design contains a few passive analog circuit elements, but consists mainly of abstract "math block" models. These are used to represent the state-average (non-switching) behavior of the converter. The sampled-data MPPT algorithm dynamically adjusts the buck duty-cycle, to keep the solar panel operating at its peak power output. The user can adjust various "tuning" parameters of that algorithm (e.g. sample rate, the duty-cycle "delta" or perturbation used for tracking, etc.). The simple algorithm is visible in the open-source "MPPT-Solar" model, just right click and select "View/Copy Model".

The simulation results show clear improvement in both panel power output (magenta vs. light blue waveforms) and battery input or charging current (red vs. dark blue waveforms), for MPPT vs. direct charging, respectively. Also, the actual duty-cycle "hunting" or peak power tracking operation is visible in green waveform, as the irradiance level varies sinusoidally (brown waveform).

A companion design is available, which shows a circuit implementation of the buck converter power stage. That design can be used to analyze the efficiency of the MPPT approach. Efficiency can be a key factor in the trade-off assessment vs. simple direct charging. That circuit design can be found here: https://www.systemvision.com/design/solar-energy-harvesting-implementation-mppt-battery-charging

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Copy of Electrothermal Energy Harvesting - MPPT Capacitor Charging - on Thu, 03/04/2021 - 15:24

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This example is intended to show relevant modeling and simulation capabilities of SystemVision Cloud for Electrothermal Energy Harvesting (EH) systems. It is not necessarily a practical EH design itself, but rather demonstrates the tool's ability to support knowledgeable users who are creating practical designs. The example also illustrates using a sampled-data algorithm for maximum power point tracking (MPPT), to optimize the energy harvest for changing operating temperatures.

The design includes a thermoelectric generator (TEG) that is supplied on the "hot" side by a sinusoidally time varying temperature between 75 degC and 100 degC. The "cold" side is held at a fixed 25 degC. The thermal resistance and heat capacitance of the hot-side heat-sink are shown in the schematic. The electronics section includes a mix of analog circuit elements, including an inductor, 1.0 F super-capacitor, LDO regulator and a periodically switched load resistor. It also includes abstract or "math block" models to represent the state-average (non-switching) behavior of a buck-boost converter.

The goal of the design is to extract sufficient power from the TEG, to provide a 2.5-Watt/1-second duration power burst once every 10 seconds. This burst is presumably to supply power for a periodic data transmission. The simple MPPT algorithm that helps achieves this is visible in the open-source MPPT-TEG model shown. The MPPT algorithm dynamically adjusts the load current draw from the TEG, to keep it operating at its maximum power output capability. That capability varies with the differential operating temperature. That shift can more easily be seen in the followingTEC/TEG calibration test schematic:

https://www.systemvision.com/design/calibrate-tecteg-energy-harvesting

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Copy of Electrothermal Modeling for Buck 12V to 5V Converter a 2A Digital Load - Continuous - on Fri, 02/26/2021 - 06:25

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Copy of Electrothermal Modeling for Buck 12V to 5V Converter a 2A Digital Load - Continuous - on Fri, 02/26/2021 - 06:24

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Copy of boost converter average model open loop - on Wed, 02/24/2021 - 20:39

Mike Donnelly
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Mike Donnelly

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Member of the PartQuest Explore Development Team. Focused on modeling and simulation of analog, mixed-signal and multi-discipline systems covering a broad range of applications, including power electronics, controls and mechatronic systems.

Description

This example is intended to show relevant modeling and simulation capabilities of SystemVision Cloud, for electrodynamic energy harvesting (EH) systems. It is not necessarily a practical EH design itself, but rather demonstrates the tool's ability to support knowledgeable users who are creating practical designs.

The mechanical and magnetic circuit sections of the model are composed of "physical" models, in that user can directly specify size and physical properties of the components. This includes the mass of the armature, the stiffness of the resonant spring, the cross section area and length of the magnetic core, the residual flux density of the permanent magnet, and the number of winding turns.

The electronics section (rectifier and boost converter) contains a mix of passive analog circuit elements as well as abstract or "math block" models to represent the state-average (non-switching) behavior of the converter. Finally, constant power load model represents the power demand for periodic transmission of data typical of an (I)IoT sensor node.

In the simulation results displayed on the schematic, the upper right waveform viewer shows the amplitude of the external vibration source (e.g. a motor or transformer housing) of 0.07mm peak at 60 Hz, equivalent to a peak acceleration of 1g (light-blue waveform). The armature spring-mass resonance frequency is 60 Hz, so the armature displacement is seen to reach the frame's travel limit of 4mm peak-to-peak (green waveform).

In the upper left, the two waveform viewers are zoomed-in near the 1 second simulation time mark, and they show the air-gap lengths and the corresponding core flux density and winding voltage. Note that the air-gaps are configured in parallel for the flux path, so the effective path reluctance is minimized when either gap approaches zero length.

In the lower right, the relatively low value of the rectified "DC" voltage is observed (red waveform), as well as the regulated boost output voltage that supplies the transmitter load.

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boost converter average model open loop

Darrell
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Darrell

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Big fan of VHDL-AMS

Description

This example is intended to show relevant modeling and simulation capabilities of SystemVision Cloud, for electrodynamic energy harvesting (EH) systems. It is not necessarily a practical EH design itself, but rather demonstrates the tool's ability to support knowledgeable users who are creating practical designs.

The mechanical and magnetic circuit sections of the model are composed of "physical" models, in that user can directly specify size and physical properties of the components. This includes the mass of the armature, the stiffness of the resonant spring, the cross section area and length of the magnetic core, the residual flux density of the permanent magnet, and the number of winding turns.

The electronics section (rectifier and boost converter) contains a mix of passive analog circuit elements as well as abstract or "math block" models to represent the state-average (non-switching) behavior of the converter. Finally, constant power load model represents the power demand for periodic transmission of data typical of an (I)IoT sensor node.

In the simulation results displayed on the schematic, the upper right waveform viewer shows the amplitude of the external vibration source (e.g. a motor or transformer housing) of 0.07mm peak at 60 Hz, equivalent to a peak acceleration of 1g (light-blue waveform). The armature spring-mass resonance frequency is 60 Hz, so the armature displacement is seen to reach the frame's travel limit of 4mm peak-to-peak (green waveform).

In the upper left, the two waveform viewers are zoomed-in near the 1 second simulation time mark, and they show the air-gap lengths and the corresponding core flux density and winding voltage. Note that the air-gaps are configured in parallel for the flux path, so the effective path reluctance is minimized when either gap approaches zero length.

In the lower right, the relatively low value of the rectified "DC" voltage is observed (red waveform), as well as the regulated boost output voltage that supplies the transmitter load.

About text formats

Boost converter average model

Darrell
Designer10

Darrell

Member for

10 years 5 months

624

designs

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Big fan of VHDL-AMS

Description

This example is intended to show relevant modeling and simulation capabilities of SystemVision Cloud, for electrodynamic energy harvesting (EH) systems. It is not necessarily a practical EH design itself, but rather demonstrates the tool's ability to support knowledgeable users who are creating practical designs.

The mechanical and magnetic circuit sections of the model are composed of "physical" models, in that user can directly specify size and physical properties of the components. This includes the mass of the armature, the stiffness of the resonant spring, the cross section area and length of the magnetic core, the residual flux density of the permanent magnet, and the number of winding turns.

The electronics section (rectifier and boost converter) contains a mix of passive analog circuit elements as well as abstract or "math block" models to represent the state-average (non-switching) behavior of the converter. Finally, constant power load model represents the power demand for periodic transmission of data typical of an (I)IoT sensor node.

In the simulation results displayed on the schematic, the upper right waveform viewer shows the amplitude of the external vibration source (e.g. a motor or transformer housing) of 0.07mm peak at 60 Hz, equivalent to a peak acceleration of 1g (light-blue waveform). The armature spring-mass resonance frequency is 60 Hz, so the armature displacement is seen to reach the frame's travel limit of 4mm peak-to-peak (green waveform).

In the upper left, the two waveform viewers are zoomed-in near the 1 second simulation time mark, and they show the air-gap lengths and the corresponding core flux density and winding voltage. Note that the air-gaps are configured in parallel for the flux path, so the effective path reluctance is minimized when either gap approaches zero length.

In the lower right, the relatively low value of the rectified "DC" voltage is observed (red waveform), as well as the regulated boost output voltage that supplies the transmitter load.

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Copy of Electrothermal Energy Harvesting - MPPT Capacitor Charging - on Sun, 02/21/2021 - 22:39

mzekri
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Description

This example is intended to show relevant modeling and simulation capabilities of SystemVision Cloud for Electrothermal Energy Harvesting (EH) systems. It is not necessarily a practical EH design itself, but rather demonstrates the tool's ability to support knowledgeable users who are creating practical designs. The example also illustrates using a sampled-data algorithm for maximum power point tracking (MPPT), to optimize the energy harvest for changing operating temperatures.

The design includes a thermoelectric generator (TEG) that is supplied on the "hot" side by a sinusoidally time varying temperature between 75 degC and 100 degC. The "cold" side is held at a fixed 25 degC. The thermal resistance and heat capacitance of the hot-side heat-sink are shown in the schematic. The electronics section includes a mix of analog circuit elements, including an inductor, 1.0 F super-capacitor, LDO regulator and a periodically switched load resistor. It also includes abstract or "math block" models to represent the state-average (non-switching) behavior of a buck-boost converter.

The goal of the design is to extract sufficient power from the TEG, to provide a 2.5-Watt/1-second duration power burst once every 10 seconds. This burst is presumably to supply power for a periodic data transmission. The simple MPPT algorithm that helps achieves this is visible in the open-source MPPT-TEG model shown. The MPPT algorithm dynamically adjusts the load current draw from the TEG, to keep it operating at its maximum power output capability. That capability varies with the differential operating temperature. That shift can more easily be seen in the followingTEC/TEG calibration test schematic:

https://www.systemvision.com/design/calibrate-tecteg-energy-harvesting

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Electrothermal Modeling for Buck 12V to 5V Converter with 2A Digital Load - Continuous

Mike Donnelly
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Mike Donnelly

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10 years 5 months

1,551

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Member of the PartQuest Explore Development Team. Focused on modeling and simulation of analog, mixed-signal and multi-discipline systems covering a broad range of applications, including power electronics, controls and mechatronic systems.

Description

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