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h.agdn335
Designer229880

h.agdn335

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Description

This transformer design example demonstrates a current in-rush or "peaking" effect that depends on the phase or timing of the AC supply switch closure. A rather counter-intuitive result is shown;

Case 1: Set the initial_delay of the digital pulse to 4.17m seconds, which causes the switch to closed when the sinusoidal AC line input voltage is at its peak, one quarter-cycle at its 60 Hz frequency. The current into the primary winding will immediately follow its nominal steady-state no-load profile, with a peak of just under 100mA.

Case 2: Set the digital pulse initial_delay to 0 seconds, so that the line voltage is applied to the transformer immediately at its rising zero-crossing. This results in a large non-sinusoidal peaking current which exceeds 500mA on its initial cycle!

This is a direct result of saturation in the magnetic core. To produce the necessary "volt-seconds" in Case 2, the magnetic flux in the core must be twice that of Case 1. But if the transformer is sized such that its peak flux density is somewhat close to the the saturation level for nominal steady-state operation, then a start-up transient with the unfortunate timing of Case 2 will result in a large in-rush current.

Note that the flux density "b" is displayed for the magnetic core. The core saturation flux density is specified as 1.5 Tesla, a typical value for Electrical Steel. You can also select "B vs. H from Table" to see the performance for a specific type of NGO Electrical Steel -35PN250 from the manufacturer Posco.

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Copy of Inductor Model using Magnetic Circuit Modeling Method - on Sat, 02/15/2020 - 11:33

mgsb275
Designer229768

mgsb275

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Description

This example shows that you can build an inductor model from magnetic components (i.e. a winding and a core), and with an air-gap if needed.You can run the nominal simulation with n = 23 turns on the winding, with the core model state set to "Linear" and a near-zero air-gap. The current transient in the winding matches the current in an ideal inductor model, both are representative of 1mH inductance. But in that configuration, the flux density "b" in the core is over 1.8 Tesla, well beyond the limits of a ferrite material.You can set the magnetic core to "Non-linear with Saturation", and note that the saturation level is 525mT for the modeled core material. Then you can re-run the simulation to see the actual current profile that would result from this more realistic core behavior.Finally, set the number of winding turns to 96. Then set the air-gap to 0.25mm, instead of the nominal 0.25um. This will restore the current rise profile that is expected for a 1mH inductor, but also keep the flux density in the core below the 525mT level.It is also instructive to observe the energy stored in the ideal inductor, as well as the magnetic core and the air-gap, in each of the cases above.

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Transformer Magnetizing In-rush Current

Darrell
Designer10

Darrell

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10 years 5 months

624

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Big fan of VHDL-AMS

Description

This transformer design example demonstrates a current in-rush or "peaking" effect that depends on the phase or timing of the AC supply switch closure. A rather counter-intuitive result is shown;Case 1: Set the initial_delay of the digital pulse to 4.17m seconds, which causes the switch to closed when the sinusoidal AC line input voltage is at its peak, one quarter-cycle at its 60 Hz frequency. The current into the primary winding will immediately follow its nominal steady-state no-load profile, with a peak of just under 100mA. Case 2: Set the digital pulse initial_delay to 0 seconds, so that the line voltage is applied to the transformer immediately at its rising zero-crossing. This results in a large non-sinusoidal peaking current which exceeds 500mA on its initial cycle!This is a direct result of saturation in the magnetic core. To produce the necessary "volt-seconds" in Case 2, the magnetic flux in the core must be twice that of Case 1. But if the transformer is sized such that its peak flux density is somewhat close to the the saturation level for nominal steady-state operation, then a start-up transient with the unfortunate timing of Case 2 will result in a large in-rush current.Note that the flux density "b" is displayed for the magnetic core. The core saturation flux density is specified as 1.5 Tesla, a typical value for Electrical Steel. You can also select "B vs. H from Table" to see the performance for a specific type of NGO Electrical Steel -35PN250 from the manufacturer Posco.

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Inductor Model using Magnetic Circuit Modeling Method

瀧澤登
Designer123146

瀧澤登

Member for

6 years 11 months

323

designs

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Description

This example shows that you can build an inductor model from magnetic components (i.e. a winding and a core), and with an air-gap if needed. You can run the nominal simulation with n = 23 turns on the winding, with the core model state set to "Linear" and a near-zero air-gap. The current transient in the winding matches the current in an ideal inductor model, both are representative of 1mH inductance. But in that configuration, the flux density "b" in the core is over 1.8 Tesla, well beyond the limits of a ferrite material.You can set the magnetic core to "Non-linear with Saturation", and note that the saturation level is 525mT for the modeled core material. Then you can re-run the simulation to see the actual current profile that would result from this more realistic core behavior.Finally, set the number of winding turns to 96. Then set the air-gap to 0.25mm, instead of the nominal 0.25um. This will restore the current rise profile that is expected for a 1mH inductor, but also keep the flux density in the core below the 525mT level.It is also instructive to observe the energy stored in the ideal inductor, as well as the magnetic core and the air-gap, in each of the cases above.

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Power Transformer with Losses

Mike Donnelly
Designer19

Mike Donnelly

Member for

10 years 5 months

1,546

designs

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Member of the PartQuest Explore Development Team. Focused on modeling and simulation of analog, mixed-signal and multi-discipline systems covering a broad range of applications, including power electronics, controls and mechatronic systems.

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DGB
Designer12

DGB

Member for

10 years 5 months

116

designs

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Description

This transformer design example demonstrates a current in-rush or "peaking" effect that depends on the phase or timing of the AC supply switch closure. A rather counter-intuitive result is shown;Case 1: Set the initial_delay of the digital pulse to 4.17m seconds, which causes the switch to closed when the sinusoidal AC line input voltage is at its peak, one quarter-cycle at its 60 Hz frequency. The current into the primary winding will immediately follow its nominal steady-state no-load profile, with a peak of just under 100mA. Case 2: Set the digital pulse initial_delay to 0 seconds, so that the line voltage is applied to the transformer immediately at its rising zero-crossing. This results in a large non-sinusoidal peaking current which exceeds 500mA on its initial cycle!This is a direct result of saturation in the magnetic core. To produce the necessary "volt-seconds" in Case 2, the magnetic flux in the core must be twice that of Case 1. But if the transformer is sized such that its peak flux density is somewhat close to the the saturation level for nominal steady-state operation, then a start-up transient with the unfortunate timing of Case 2 will result in a large in-rush current.Note that the flux density "b" is displayed for the magnetic core. The core saturation flux density is specified as 1.5 Tesla, a typical value for Electrical Steel. You can also select "B vs. H from Table" to see the performance for a specific type of NGO Electrical Steel -35PN250 from the manufacturer Posco.

About text formats

Transformer Magnetizing In-rush Current

Mike Donnelly
Designer19

Mike Donnelly

Member for

10 years 5 months

1,546

designs

10

groups

Member of the PartQuest Explore Development Team. Focused on modeling and simulation of analog, mixed-signal and multi-discipline systems covering a broad range of applications, including power electronics, controls and mechatronic systems.

Description

This transformer design example demonstrates a current in-rush or "peaking" effect that depends on the phase or timing of the AC supply switch closure. A rather counter-intuitive result is shown;Case 1: Set the initial_delay of the digital pulse to 4.17m seconds, which causes the switch to closed when the sinusoidal AC line input voltage is at its peak, one quarter-cycle at its 60 Hz frequency. The current into the primary winding will immediately follow its nominal steady-state no-load profile, with a peak of just under 100mA. Case 2: Set the digital pulse initial_delay to 0 seconds, so that the line voltage is applied to the transformer immediately at its rising zero-crossing. This results in a large non-sinusoidal peaking current which exceeds 500mA on its initial cycle!This is a direct result of saturation in the magnetic core. To produce the necessary "volt-seconds" in Case 2, the magnetic flux in the core must be twice that of Case 1. But if the transformer is sized such that its peak flux density is somewhat close to the the saturation level for nominal steady-state operation, then a start-up transient with the unfortunate timing of Case 2 will result in a large in-rush current.Note that the flux density "b" is displayed for the magnetic core. The core saturation flux density is specified as 1.5 Tesla, a typical value for Electrical Steel. You can also select "B vs. H from Table" to see the performance for a specific type of NGO Electrical Steel -35PN250 from the manufacturer Posco.

About text formats

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